Disease ⇒ Obesity {40000167}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Long-term consumption of highly processed foods by pregnant women has been shown to alter gut microbial diversity and relative abundances in the newborn, and exposure of infants to such foods can influence appetite preferences and eating habits that persist throughout life
• [1.2] 
  - Increased #Blautia has also been seen in obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and #Multiple Sclerosis.
• [1.3] 
  - Obesity alters the balance of #Firmicutes in non-obese individuals to #Bacteroidetes phyla in obese ones.
• [1.4] [#Human breast milk] 
  - Infants fed with breast milk rich in #Betaine showed reduced growth rates after birth. - Experiments in mice showed that giving #Betaine to female mice improved blood sugar metabolism and lowered fat tissue in breastfeeding offspring. - When breast-fed with milk rich in #Betaine, both mouse pups and human infants had higher amounts of #Akkermansia bacteria in their guts. - Low levels of maternal #Betaine during pregnancy are linked to increased infant weight at birth. - Maternal #Betaine supplementation resulted in lower fetal weight in a mouse study.
• [1.5] [#Mediterranean diet] 
  - Mediterranean-style diet is highly encouraged because of its healthy dietary pattern, which includes antioxidant nutraceuticals such as polyphenols. Indeed, hydroxycinnamic derivatives, quercetin, resveratrol, oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, which are well known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, exert anti-obesity proprieties.
• [1.6] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - High-fat diet and obesity are associated with increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes
• [1.7] [#Antibiotic Therapy] 
  - Early antibiotic exposure in animal models has shown that reductions in the population size of specific microbiota, such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, Rikenellaceae, and Candidatus Arthromitus, are related to subsequent adiposity.
• [1.8] 
  - The probiotic strain #Hafnia alvei HA4597® (HA), which produces the satietogenic peptide ClpB mimicking the effect of alpha-MSH, reduced weight gain and adiposity in rodent models of obesity.
• [1.9] 
  - Dorea formicigenerans, Dorea longicatena and Collinsella aerofaciens could be considered obesity biomarkers.
• [#Saturated fatty acids (SFAs)] - Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were negatively associated with the genus #Intestinimonas, a biomarker of the overweight/obese group.
• [1.11] 
• [1.12] 
• [1.13] 
  - The presence of a dysbiotic microbiome > subsequent increases in gut permeability to bacteria-derived pathogens, including LPS and ethanol. - LPS, gut peptides, SCFAs and lactate > Microbiota-brain-gut axis > Gut afferent neuron > key signaling molecules involved in gut-brain communication and host metabolism.
• - #Bacteroidetes > prevalence is lower in obese people > low-calorie diet > proportion increasealong with weight loss based on a low-calorie diet .
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - SCFAs > activation of their receptors GPR43 and GPR41 > inhibits lipolysis > adipocyte differentiation.
• [1.14] 
• [1.15] 
  - Low levels of #Bacteroidetes phylum > associate with obesity and #High fasting glucose > increases following the “good” diet and decreases following the “bad” diet
• - Low levels of #Alistipes putredinis > obesity > increased following the “good” diet
• - Low levels of #Bifidobacterium adolescentis > associated with greater weight loss > generally decrease in RA following the “good” diet and increase following the “bad” diet
• [1.16] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Gender, #Resistant starch] 
  - gut microbiota, especially #Faecalibacterium, Predict postprandial glucose response (PPGR) after eating potatoes.
• [1.17] [#Metabolic syndrome] [#Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, #High fibre diet] 
• [1.18] 
  - Maternal consumption of #Sweeteners > altered cecal microbial composition and metabolism of #Propionate/#Lactate in their offspring. - Offspring daily body weight gain, liver weight and body fat > correlate positively to the relative abundance of key microbes and enzymes involved in #Succinate/#Propionate production while negatively correlated to that of #Lactose degradation and #Lactate production. - The altered #Propionate/#Lactate production in the cecum of weanlings from aspartame and stevia consuming dams implicates an altered ratio of dietary carbohydrate digestion, mainly #Lactose, in the small intestine vs. microbial fermentation in the large intestine.
• [1.19] 
  -Severe obesity is associated with an absolute deficiency in bacterial #Biotin producers and transporters, whose abundances correlate with host metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes
• [#Serotonin] [#Antibiotic Therapy] - Gut Dysbiosis > increase hypothalamic microRNA-204 (miR-204), a microRNA > reduce SIRT1 and BDNF > decrease in the sympathetic nerve activity > increase the browning of WAT > Obesity
• [1.21] 
  - In 214 humans, they found the average blood levels of #Delta-valerobetaine was 40 percent higher for people with a BMI greater than 30 compared to those with lower BMIs. - #Delta-valerobetaine contributes to obesity and hepatic steatosis by modulating mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and increasing lipid storage in the adipose tissue and liver.
• [1.22] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Yogurt consumption] 
  - yogurt intake impacts the hepatic metabolome, notably maintaining the levels of branched chain hydroxy acids (BCHA) which correlate with improved metabolic parameters
• [1.23] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - SCFAs have been reported to have potential to enhance intestinal gluconeogenesis, with hepatic glucose production declining and energy-spending increasing.2 Furthermore, SCFAs are capable of facilitating peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, which can promote satiety and increase peripheral glucose catabolism
• - increased levels of #Succinate (an important metabolite of glucose metabolism) in plasma and feces of obese patients and a positive correlation between #Succinate levels and body weight.
• [#Urolithin A] - UA has also been shown to prevent hereditary or HFD-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure mainly through promoting thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT)
• [#δ-valerobetaine TMAVA] - δ-valerobetaine (TMAVA), a trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) structural analogue, was indicated to be a diet-dependent obesogen that could exacerbate obesity in mice induced by the western diet
• [1.24] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - In healthy human subjects #Akkermansia muciniphila was associated to low body weight, low body fat proportion, reduced adipose tissue inflammation and reduced insulin resistance.
• [#Lactobacillus animalis] - several bacteria such as: #Methanobrevibacter smithii, #Bifidobacterium spp., #Bifidobacterium animalis, #Escherichia coli, #Akkermansia muciniphila, #Anaerotruncus colihominis and bacteria of the Bacteroidetes strain have the capability to reduce the production of high-calorie substances and therefore also influence the caloric intake. A relatively low frequency of these bacteria correlates with increased body weight, as we have also observed.
• [1.25] [#Whole grains] 
  - Harboring high levels of #Prevotella at baseline resulted in increased weight loss in individuals with excess body weight who consumed whole grain-rich diets
• [1.26] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] 
• [1.27] [#Celiac Disease] 
• [1.28] [#Allergy, #Diabetes Type 1, #Infantile eczema] 
  #Infants treated with antibiotic > The early use of this treatment has been associated with higher risks of allergic diseases, eczema , and obesity, and type 1 diabetes
• [#Allergy] - #Exposure to pets increases the abundance of Ruminococcus and Oscillospira species, which may protect against allergic disorders and obesity in children
• [1.29] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - SCFAs activate mucosal G protein-coupled receptors in the gut so they contribute to the regulation of secretion of incretin hormones such as glucagon like peptide-1, peptide YY and leptin.
• - #Delta-valerobetaine production by the gut microbiome reduces cellular carnitine and mitochondrial long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA); consequently, this obesogenic metabolite prevents mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and leads to diet-dependent obesity.
• [1.31] [#Prediabetes] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - microbiota protects against development of obesity, #Metabolic syndrome, and pre-diabetic phenotypes by inducing commensal-specific Th17 cells. - High-fat, high-#Sugar diet promoted metabolic disease by depleting Th17-inducing microbes, and recovery of commensal Th17 cells restored protection. - Diet-induced loss of protective Th17 cells was mediated by the presence of #Sugar. - Eliminating #Sugar from high-fat diets protected mice from obesity and #Metabolic syndrome in a manner dependent on commensal-specific Th17 cells. - #Sugar and ILC3 promoted outgrowth of #Faecalibaculum rodentium that displaced Th17-inducing microbiota.
• [1.32] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Blautia wexlerae] [#Oral administration of Blautia wexlerae] 
  - Blautia genus, especially B. wexlerae, as a commensal bacterium that is inversely correlated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. - Oral administration of B. wexlerae to mice induce metabolic changes and anti-inflammatory effects that decrease both high-fat diet–induced obesity and diabetes. - The beneficial effects of B. wexlerae are correlated with unique amino-acid metabolism to produce S-adenosylmethionine, acetylcholine, and L-ornithine and carbohydrate metabolism resulting in the accumulation of amylopectin and production of succinate, lactate, and acetate, with simultaneous modification of the gut bacterial composition. - S-adenosylmethionine, acetylcholine, and L-ornithine have anti-inflammatory properties and modify aspects of host metabolism, such as lipid metabolism, indicating that these compounds are potential effector metabolites for controlling obesity and diabetes.
• [1.33] 
  - Supplementation of #Bifidobacterium pseudolongum has fat-reducing effect on obese mice. - #Bifidobacterium pseudolongum treatment significantly decreased the plasma triglycerides and gross energy intake. - #Bifidobacterium pseudolongum improved the intestinal environment, increased the colonization of beneficial bacteria, and changed the composition and structure of gut microbiota.
• [1.34] 
  - Obesity > expansion of Escherichia shigella in obese patients compared to healthy controls. - The family #Eubacterium coprostanoligenes and #Tannerellaceae, the genera #Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, #Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, #Parabacteroides, and Akkermansia, and the species #Prevotella copri were microbial biomarkers of healthy people. - #Gammaproteobacteria and #Enterobacterales were biomarkers of being “Overweight”.
• [1.35] [#Culinary herbs and spices] 
  - higher #Firmicutes to #Bacteroidetes ratio has been associated with obesity. - decrease in #Firmicutes and increase in #Bacteroidetes following spice intervention in humans
• - #Acetic acid, a product of #Bifidobacterium spp. known to function as an appetite suppressant, was found to be most abundant in the faeces of mice following #Ginger supplementation.
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - #Ginger root consumption could increase Bifidobacterium spp., enhance faecal SCFA production as well as invoke anti-obesity effects in obese mice
• [1.36] 
  - colonization of mice with S24-7 and #Lactobacillus johnsonii was sufficient to reduce overconsumption of high-sucrose pellets in an antibiotic-induced model of binge eating.
• [1.37] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Amyloid-beta] 
  - high-fat diets and obesity are associated with increased risk for developing AD and #Dementia. - the incidence of AD is higher in countries that typically consume high-fat diets as opposed to low-fat diets. - Increased Aβ plaques in the brain after consumption of a #High Fat Diet has been observed in mouse models of amyloidosis. - a high-fat diet can result in an increase in neuroinflammation and decreased performance on AD-related behavior tests.
• [1.38] [#Human breast milk, #Infants] 
  - HM #Butyrate concentrations were overall negatively associated with infant weight and adiposity, and associations were stronger at younger infant ages. - HM #Butyrate concentration was also inversely correlated with HM intake volume, supporting a possible mechanism whereby #Butyrate might reduce infant growth via appetite regulation and modulation of HM intake.
• [1.39] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - A reduction in the #Lachnospira, #Roseburia, #Faecalibacterium and #Coprococcus genera in the T2D group. - These genera were #Butyrate producers. - The decrease of these genera favored obesity and the development of diseases.
• [#Colorectal cancer] 
• [1.41] 
  - #Quercetin was also shown to inhibit obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation by inhibiting microglia-mediated inflammatory responses, likely through mechanisms involving heme oxygenase induction.
• [1.42] [#Physical activity] 
  - In normal but not overweight participants, high PA duration showed greater relative abundance of commensal taxa such as #Actinobacteria and #Proteobacteria phyla, as well as #Collinsella and #Prevotella genera.
• [#Physical activity] - In overweight > high PA duration > participants had a lower abundance of the #Oscillibacter genus.
• [1.43] [#CVD] [#Inulin-Type Fructans] 
  - Addition of ITF to the #Plant-based diet reduced microbial diversity and selectively increased #Bifidobacterium and #Faecalibacterium. -- The change in the latter was significantly associated with higher values of insulin and HOMA-IR and lower HDL #Cholesterol. - The LDL:HDL ratio and the concentrations of IL-10, MCP-1 and TNFα were significantly elevated in the ITF-subgroup.
• [1.44] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - Microbial homeostasis is normally maintained by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). - PPAR-γ is a nuclear receptor activated by #Butyrate and other ligands, is found in adipocytes and colonocytes, and is responsible for activating genes involved in #Glucose and lipid metabolism.
• [1.45] [#Fusobacterium varium] 
  - #Lachnospiraceae bacterium and members of #Ruminococcus and #Fusobacterium species, including #Fusobacterium ulcerans and #Fusobacterium varium, were found to be enriched in patients with obesity
• - Amino acids including #Phenylalanine, lysine, #Tryptophan, #Valine, #Leucine, and #Isoleucine, which are not synthesized in the body, were all reduced in individuals with obesity. - The reasons might be that specific amino acids were derived from proteins of various foods and fermented by microbiotas, which caused the concentration change in the circulation.
• [1.46] [#Lipopolysaccharide] 
  - endotoxin may prevent adipocyte browning and impair mitochondrial respiration, biogenesis and dynamics in human adipocytes, thus contributing to obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, including dyslipidaemia and ectopic AT deposition in T2DM.
• [1.47] 
  - #Acetate causes browning of white adipose tissue, thus energy expenditure through heat dissipation.
• - #Acetate is a substrate for #Cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, which inhibits gluconeogenesis - #Acetate causes browning of white adipose tissue which increases the expression of genes associated with lipogenesis
• - #Broccoli intervention increased the relative abundance of #Bacteroidetes and reduced the relative abundance of #Firmicutes.
• - #Propionate is used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis, which increases energy expenditure and reduces food intake and #Cholesterol synthesis.
• [#Pancreatic polypeptide YY, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] - SCFAs act as signalling molecules, activating the free fatty acid receptors, increasing #Leptin, GLP-1, and PYY, promoting satiety.
• [#Lipopolysaccharide] - inflammation driven by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and other microbial molecules, however, has been associated with greater adiposity and insulin resistance
• [1.48] [#Olive] 
  - in humans, EVOO has prebiotic effects, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria such as #Lactobacillus and #Bifidobacterium. Specifically, a #Mediterranean diet supplemented with 40 g/day EVOO for 3 months administered to 18 overweight/obese participants resulted in significantly increased levels of #Lactic acid bacteria compared to baseline.
• [#Olive] - EVOO has demonstrated antibacterial and bacteriostatic effects against bacteria such as those in the #Desulfovibrionaceae,a family of opportunistic pathogens associated with obesity and inflammation, and #Blautia spp., which positively correlates with visceral fat accumulation in Japanese men and women.
• [#Olive] - The major fatty acid in EVOO, #Oleic acid, assists in maintaining #Glucose homeostasis by activating the G protein–coupled receptors GPR-120 and GPR-40, leading to intestinal GLP-1 release and widespread ant-inflammatory effects in a variety of tissues, including liver and adipose tissue.
• [1.49] 
  - age-related decreases in endogenous #Melatonin production are correlated with disease and dysfunction. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate #Melatonin’s protective ability against mitochondria-mediated injury with #Hypertension and obesity,
• [#CVD] [#Exercise training, #Western-style diet] - voluntary exercise curbs #TMAO elevation and decreases myocardial inflammation and #Fibrosis, leading to the prevention of cardiac dysfunction in western diet-induced obesity
• [1.51] 
  - #Bacteroides group splitted into two subgroups, #Bacteroides 1 and Bacteroides2 , showed that the latter could be linked to lower gut microbial gene richness and clinical characteristics, including severe obesity and systemic inflammation
• [1.52] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - The microbial pathways most associated with preclinical AD status in regression models share #Succinate as a product. - #Succinate, known largely as an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is also a bacterial metabolite produced in the gut that has been associated with obesity and inflammatory bowel disease and is increasingly appreciated as immunomodulatory.
• [1.53] [#Clostridioides difficile] 
  - Clostridium difficile infections can also trigger obesity.
• [1.54] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] 
  - A. muciniphila abundance is inversely correlated with total fat mass in animal models and subcutaneous fat (rather than total body fat) in human studies.
• [#Akkermansia muciniphila] - In humans, higher muscle mass and a leaner body composition (i.e., relatively lower fat mass), is associated with enrichment of #Akkermansiaceae family members in the gut microbiome , including A. muciniphila.
• [#Western-style diet] - in western populations, #Blautia genus abundance is directly correlated with both BMI and visceral fat, but the inverse relationship is observed in studies in Japanese and Chinese populations where decreasing in relative abundance of #Blautia in the gut microbiome, is associated with increased visceral fat
• [#Collinsella aerofaciens] - subjects with BMI values ≥25 kg/m2 have higher relative abundances of members of the #Collinsella genus (e.g., #Collinsella aerofaciens), and the #Veillonellaceae and #Lachnospiraceae families (e.g., genera #Dorea, #Lachnospira, #Coprococcus).
• - #Coprococcus abundance correlates positively with level of subcutaneous body fat.
• - #Coprococcus genus and #Lachnospiraceae, were more abundant in subjects with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and those with greater skeletal muscle mass
• [#Faecalibacterium prausnitzii] - F. prausnitzii abundance is greater in subjects with lower BMI in comparison to subjects with obesity
• [#Faecalibacterium prausnitzii] - Abundance of #Faecalibacterium genus members (i.e., F. prausnitzii) is greater in both women and men with higher skeletal muscle mass. - increases in both lean mass and #Faecalibacterium relative abundance are observed in normal weight subjects after #Exercise training.
• [1.55] [#Clostridium orbiscindens] 
  - #Clostridium CAG:58 and #Clostridium orbiscindens, instead correlate positively with obesity
• [1.56] 
  - abundance of #Succinate-metabolizing #Odoribacteraceae was lower in obesity, with a significant variation in the gut microbiome under #Mediterranean diet.
• [1.57] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Tryptophan] 
  - #5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a Trp-catabolite formed by Trp hydroxylase 1 enzyme. - It promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and inhibits hyperglycaemia and obesity.
• [1.58] [#Natural Small intestine Microbiome] 
• [1.59] 
  - In metabolic diseases such as obesity, chronically elevated levels of #Leptin are observed, which can induce the production of proinflammatory molecules and impair immune self-tolerance, predisposing to develop conditions such as #Rheumatoid Arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, #Multiple Sclerosis, and others
• - #Oat β-glucan has also been shown to promote satiety, possibly contributing to weight control.
• [1.61] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] 
  - Abnormally high levels of #Succinate have been linked to inflammatory diseases like IBD and obesity. - This is likely due to #Succinate’s ability to stimulate pro-inflammatory immune cells.
• [1.62] [#Colorectal cancer] [#Bile Acids] 
  - potential gut microbes capable of conjugating CAs including #Ileibacterium valens. - #Ileibacterium valens has been recently implicated in microbial-induced obesity and intestinal inflammation through its production of interleukin-17 - enrichment of #Ileibacterium valens strains in adenocarcinoma mouse models, suggesting that this species may promote tumorigenesis.
• [1.63] [#Non-nutritive Sweeteners, #Sweeteners] 
  - the #Fasting #Glucose concentrations and the abundances of #Enterobacteriaceae and #Clostridium leptum were increased in diet-induced obesity models treated with aspartame for eight weeks
• [1.64] [#Inflamatory bowel disease, #Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] 
  - #Ruminococcus gnavus, which is a mucin-degrading group, in inflammatory bowel disease and in altered lipid metabolism related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity
• - #Akkermansia has demonstrated benefit in preventing #High Fat Diet-induced obesity as well as in alleviating obesity-related insulin resistance and inflammation. - #Akkermansia has been associated with beneficial changes in gene expression related to adipocyte differentiation and inversely correlated to gene variants associated with body mass index
• - greater abundance of some #Lachnospiraceae species is associated with obesity and altered lipid and #Glucose metabolism, while others, such as #Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, have been described as protective against obesity. - While some work indicates that a greater abundance of #Lachnospiraceae UCG-001 may be associated with obesity, other preclinical and human studies suggest this species may be predictive of weight loss among those with overweight/obesity
• [1.65] [#CVD] 
  - oral administration of #Propyl propane thiosulfinate (PTS) in a dose-dependent manner prevented the weight gain and metabolic dysfunction caused by a hypercaloric diet.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - the higher dose of #Propyl propane thiosulfinate (PTS) improved #Glucose and hepatic homeostasis, modulated lipid metabolism, and increased the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue.
• [1.66] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - #Resveratrol mimics #Caloric restriction via the activation of #Sirtuin 1 (SIRT 1) resulting in improved exercise performance and insulin sensitivity, as well as showing body fat-lowering effects by inhibiting adipogenesis, and increasing lipid mobilisation in adipose tissue.
• [1.67] [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] [#Fibroblast growth factor 21] 
  - both circulating and hepatic levels of FGF21 in obese mice were markedly reduced by #Exercise training, where the FGF21 sensitivity in adipose tissue was enhanced.
• [1.68] [#Cancer, #Skin wound] 
  - #Akkermansia is associated with enhancement of wound healing, augmented antitumor responses, protection against obesity, and induced intestinal adaptive immune responses during homeostasis
• [1.69] [#Metabolic syndrome] 
  - Several genes that encode long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). One of these genes, called Snhg9, varied in abundance in animals depending on the presence or absence of gut microbiota mediated by immune effectors. - lncRNA interacted with and bound to cell cycle and apoptosis protein 2, which in turn bound to and inhibited #Sirtuin, a regulator of lipid metabolism. - High levels of Snhg9 seen in germ-free mice may be the reason that they stay slim, whereas animals with intact microbiota have lower levels of the lncRNA and are fatter.
• [#Diabetes Type 2, #Metabolic syndrome] - #Irisin is involved in promoting the browning of white adipose tissue, the regulation of energy metabolism, and the improvement of insulin resistance.
• [1.71] [#Non-nutritive Sweeteners] 
  - all ArtSw exposures were related to higher BMI, body weight, and waist circumference and, except for #Sucralose, were associated with increases in these anthropometric measurements over a 25-year period. - Greater risks of developing obesity were found across increasing quintiles of total ArtSw, aspartame, #Sucralose, and diet beverage intakes.
• [1.72] [#Multiple Sclerosis] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - MS > mice on a high-fat diet showed enrichment of bacteria from the #Desulfovibrionaceae family, specifically #Desulfovibrio piger and #Bilophila wadsworthia. - high-fat diet-induced obesity increased EAE disease severity in animal models of MS
• [1.73] 
  - The addition of dietary #Chitin improved metabolic readouts in mice fed a high-fat diet, possibly because activated chief cells produce other digestive enzymes, including lipase. - #Chitin influences gut microbial composition, ILC2-mediated tissue adaptation and gastrointestinal responses are preserved in germ-free mice. - In the absence of AMCase, sustained #Chitin intake leads to heightened basal type 2 immunity, reduced adiposity, and resistance to obesity.
• [1.74] [#Vitamin B12] 
  - severe but not moderate B12 deficiency induced adiposity
• [#Vitamin B12] - #Silymarin and resulted bacterial B12 improved the liver lipid metabolism via suppressing lipogenesis and enhancing fatty acid oxidation.
• [1.75] [#Metabolic syndrome] 
  - #Xanthohumol (XN) and its derivatives mitigate diet-induced obesity-related characteristics of MetS in mice by improving impaired #Glucose and lipid metabolism
• [#Oscillibacter valericigenes] - O. valericigenes that could activate TLRs > adiposity
• - #Oscillibacter contained genes encoding proteins with high sequence identity to lipoprotein synthesis pathway proteins responsible for synthesizing lipoprotein, a TLR2 agonist, along with #Flagellin synthesis and assembly machinery proteins responsible for synthesizing #Flagellin, a TLR5 agonist
• [1.76] 
  - Endogenous #Acetate turnover was 30% higher in lean versus obese subjects, and increased plasma #Acetate turnover did not contribute to increased GSIS or #Ghrelin secretion in either group
• - gut microbiota exposed to high-calorie nutrients raise #Acetate levels in the animal, which activates the parasympathetic nervous system. - This increases #Ghrelin and #Glucose-stimulated insulin system (GSIS) secretion, which promotes appetite for high-calorie foods, resulting in a positive feedback cycle.
• - In obese people, high indigestible carbohydrate intake can significantly increase #Firmicutes bacteria such as Ruminococci, #Roseburia, and #Eubacterium rectale, whereas a lack of dietary fermentable carbohydrate intake can significantly decrease #Butyric acid-producing bacteria and, consequently, fecal #Butyric acid content
• [1.77] 
  - SPF mice that received a high-fat diet did gain weight. This diet quickly boosted the abundance of certain microbes in the small intestine, including microbes from the Clostridiaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae families. A member of Clostridiaceae was found to specifically impact fat absorption. The abundance of other bacterial families decreased on a high-fat diet including Bifidobacteriacaea and Bacteriodacaea, which are commonly associated with leanness.
• [1.78] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - #Blautia produces #Acetic acid and significantly correlates with host physiological dysfunctions, such as obesity, diabetes, and various inflammatory diseases. - An increase in #Blautia abundance may inhibit insulin signaling and prevent fat accumulation in adipocytes
• - weight loss is associated with reduced #Butyrate production by specific gut microbiota bacteria, such as the #Lactobacillus and #Bifidobacterium genera belonging to the #Firmicutes phylum
• - individuals with an overweight phenotype have increased levels of specific bacterial genera in the #Firmicutes phylum, including #Blautia, #Coprococcus, and #Dorea
• - obesity was positively associated with #Fusicatenibacter and #Romboutsia. - #Fusicatenibacter and #Romboutsia were positively correlated with an increase in BMI z-score
• - #Fusicatenibacter has a strong correlation with higher levels of #Propionate in fecal samples. - This correlation was linked to unhealthy dietary habits and obesity
• - increased #Lachnoclostridium is linked to visceral adipose tissue
• [1.79] 
  - depletion in #Zygomycota has recently been described in obese patients, and the depletion of #Mucor genus was reversible upon weight loss.
• - #Bilirubin reduction by gut microorganisms is important to overall health because serum #Bilirubin concentrations have been observed to be correlated inversely with adiposity and cardiovascular disease
• [1.81] 
  - increased feelings of satiety and reduced food ingestion in probands following a diet with supplemented #Beta-glucan. - #Beta-glucan slows the gastric passage and reduces glycemic and insulinemic responses.
• [1.82] [#Bacteroides-Prevotella group] 
  - #Bacteroides massiliensis and #Bacteroides plebeius were enriched in the stool of #Children with obesity - #Bacteroides massiliensis was significantly overrepresented in the overweight group.
• - #Bifidobacterium adolescentis was associated with obesity in #Children
• - individuals with the #Prevotella-driven enterotype appeared more susceptible to lose body fat on fiber-rich diet
• [1.83] [#Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome] 
  - Patients with OSA showed elevated levels of #Proteobacteria, which synthesizes #Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), associated with systemic inflammation and obesity.
• [1.84] 
  - Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a key site of thermogenesis and energy expenditure, and #Butyrate can stimulate thermogenesis by up-regulating uncoupling protein(UCP) 1 and uncoupling mitochondrial respiration from ATP synthesis. - depletion of gut microbiota has been found to impair the thermogenesis of BAT, and #Butyrate supplementation partially rescues thermogenesis function
• - #Butyrate has been shown to induce the expression of #Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) in liver and adipose tissue, - #Butyrate also increases the expression of cytochrome c oxidase (COX-1), UCP2, and UCP3 in skeletal muscle. - #Butyrate has been found to significantly increase the levels of gut hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and polypeptide YY (PYY) in the colon and plasma, mediated by recombinant free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3).
• - #Butyrate supplementation can #Lead to a reduction in body weight by decreasing lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissue.
• [#Ruminococcus gnavus] - #Haptoglobin (Hp) expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) is increased in obesity rodents, and the level of Hp was found to be significantly correlated with the abundance of R. gnavus in individuals of normal weight and overweight.
• [#Ursodeoxycholic acid] - UDCA alters the profile of free fatty acids (FFAs) by inhibiting lipogenesis, promoting FAO, and reducing fatty acid uptake in adipose tissue.
• [1.85] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - #Metabolic syndrome, which involves a number of factors including HTN, #Hyperlipidemia, obesity, and insulin resistance, is more frequently reported in patients with #Migraine
• [1.86] 
  - A lower abundance of #Akkermansia has been linked with lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, #Hypertension, and liver steatosis.
• [1.87] 
  - #Parabacteroides, which possess physiological characteristics related to carbohydrate metabolism and the secretion of short-chain fatty acids, have recently been reported to be closely associated with host health, such as #Metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity, as inflammatory mediators
• [1.88] [#Gender] 
  - In men, greater abundance of #Parabacteroides helcogenes and #Campylobacter canadensis species—were strongly associated with higher BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference.
• - individuals with a HIGH OB index were characterised by significantly lower levels of #Christensenella minuta—a bacterium which has consistently been linked to leanness and health. - higher levels of the #Christensenella minuta bacterium, appeared to protect against obesity.
• [#Gender] - in women, greater abundance of three species—#Prevotella micans, #Prevotella brevis and #Prevotella sacharolitica—were highly predictive of higher BMI, fat mass and waist circumference
• [1.89] 
  - urinary #Trigonelline levels decrease during obesity and increase in professional #Athletes
• [#Bacteroides uniformis, #Escherichia coli, #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, #Parabacteroides distasonis] [#Fasting] - During IER > the abundance of obesity-related probiotics including F. prausnitzii, P. distasonis, and B. uniformis significantly increased compared with that at baseline, whereas the abundance of pathogenic E. coli significantly decreased. - the reduction in E.coli abundance sustained to the endpoint of phase III, whereas the abundance of F. prausnitzii, P. distasonis, and B. uniformis peaked at midpoint of phase II and declined to near baseline levels at endpoint of phase III.
• [#Bacteroides uniformis, #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, #Parabacteroides distasonis] - F. prausnitzii, P. distasonis, and B. uniformis can reduce obesity and alleviate obesity-related metabolic and immune disorders
• [#Escherichia coli] - E. coli abundance is related to the obesity pathogenesis and dietary behavior. - Nutritional factors can regulate E. coli proliferation, affecting the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 that induces intestinal satiety and dietary termination signals. - The E coli abundance was negatively associated with the left orbital inferior frontal gyrus in the inhibitory control circuit at base line and the right putamen in the learning and memory circuit at endpoint of phase III. - E. coli can regulate the anorexia and appetite pathways by penetrating the blood-brain barrier to affect brain function and modulating the expression of appetite-regulating neuropeptides.
• [1.91] 
  - Distinct VOC signatures for #Schizophrenia were m/z 60 and m/z 74. The first of these was identified as trimethylamine (#TMA). - patients with #Schizophrenia displayed a significantly lower concentration of #TMA in their breath. - Decreased production of #TMA is found in patients with #Choline-deficient diets, in nonalcoholic #Steatohepatitis and may result in obesity and #Hyperglycemia, which are often seen in patients with #Schizophrenia.
• [1.92] 
  - #Oxalobacteraceae, #Actinomycetaceae, and #Ruminiclostridium could potentially increase the risk of Drug-induced obesity.
• - #Butyricimonas independently increased the risk of medication-induced obesity.
• - Four bacterial species, including #Ruminococcaceae UCG010, #Butyricimonas, #Pasteurellaceae and #Lactobacillus independently influence the development of various types of obesity.
• - #Desulfovibrio and #Catenabacterium may serve as protective factors in the onset of Drug-induced obesity.
• - In the case of extreme obesity with alveolar hypoventilation, #Lactobacillus reduced the risk of its occurrence.
• - For localized adiposity, #Pasteurellaceae acted as a protective factor.
• - #Ruminococcaceae UCG010 independently reduced the risk of obesity induced by excessive calorie intake
• - #Ruminococcus torques group may increase the risk of its occurrence.
• [1.93] 
  - #Parabacteroides distasonis alleviates obesity and metabolic dysfunctions via production of #Succinate and #Secondary bile acids. - Administration of #Parabacteroides distasonis leads to increased bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, inhibition of intestinal FXR signaling and decreased TCDCA levels in liver
• [1.94] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - Consumption of green banana biomass seems to exert beneficial effects on intestinal function and potential effects on obesity, #Dyslipidemia, and diabetes. These effects may be related to increased fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations as a result of type 3 #Resistant Starch present in biomass.
• [1.95] [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] 
  - higher plasma #Calprotectin levels are associated with suspected MAFLD and the risk of all-cause mortality. - elevated fecal #Calprotectin (FC) levels in a pediatric cohort, including patients with obesity and MAFLD.
• [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] - #Ruminiclostridium and #Streptococcus were enriched in patients with obesity and MAFLD. - these changes remained significant for #Ruminococcaceae UCG-008 even after correction for multiple comparisons
• [#Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis] - patients with obesity and NASH demonstrated an abundance of #Lactobacilli, while patients with NASH who were overweight displayed a diminished abundance of #Bifidobacterium. - patients with lean NASH displayed a deficiency in Lactobacillus in comparison to their overweight and obese NASH counterparts.
• [1.96] 
  - Lactobacillus casei can improve insulin resistance which is the underlying cause of obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities, in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice.
• [1.97] 
  - These changes in Akkermansia muciniphila were robustly correlated with the expression of lipid metabolism and inflammation markers in adipose tissue, as well as several circulating parameters (i.e., glucose, insulin, triglycerides, leptin) from DIO mice.

References Notes