Glucose {90000189}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - A high-glucose maternal diet > enrichment of #Isobaculum in the infant gut microbiome.
• [1.2] [#Anorexia nervosa] [#Bacteroides vulgatus] 
  - in AN > Serum #Leucine mediated the influence of B. vulgatus counts on glucose homeostasis.
• [1.3] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Adult] 
  - A 15 mg/dL increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) #Cholesterol was associated with decreased AD risk during earlyand middle adulthood. - A 15 mg/dL increase in glucose measured during middle adulthood was associated with 14.5% increased AD risk .
• [1.4] [#Diabetes Type 2, #Obesity] 
  - Microbial homeostasis is normally maintained by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). - PPAR-γ is a nuclear receptor activated by #Butyrate and other ligands, is found in adipocytes and colonocytes, and is responsible for activating genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism.
• [1.5] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - SCFA #Acetate activates GPR43, promoting GLP-1 release from colonic L cells.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - activation of GPR41 by #Propionate or #Butyrate can induce both GLP-1 and peptide YY secretion from L cells in the small intestine.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Olive] - EVOO added to meals was associated with a reduction in blood glucose, #Triglyceride, apolipoprotein B-48, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity levels and a significant increase in insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels in the peripheral blood.
• [#Obesity] [#Olive] - The major fatty acid in EVOO, #Oleic acid, assists in maintaining glucose homeostasis by activating the G protein–coupled receptors GPR-120 and GPR-40, leading to intestinal GLP-1 release and widespread ant-inflammatory effects in a variety of tissues, including liver and adipose tissue.
• [1.6] 
  - #Diabetes Type 1 > negative correlation has been reported between plasma glucose level and #Bifidobacterium, #Lactobacillus spp., and #Firmicutes and #Bacteroidetes spp., while there has been positive correlation between #Clostridium and plasma glucose level.
• [1.7] [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] 
  - In MAFLD > #Alistipes has negatively related to serum glucose (GLU), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).
• [1.8] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - CACS-associated species were also found positively associated with #Imidazole propionate, a microbially derived metabolite from #Histidine, reported to impair glucose metabolism.
• [1.9] [#Bacteroides uniformis] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] [#Exercise training] 
  - #Acetate and #Propionate are associated with increased B. uniformis abundance in the gut. - These SCFAs may facilitate muscle glucose supply from the liver during exercise.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Dipeptidyl peptidase 4] [#High Fat Diet] - microbial DPP4 was mainly produced by #Bacteroides spp. - Gut microbial DPP4 (mDPP4) could degrade active #GLP-1(7-37) in vitro. - mDPP4 could not affect active #GLP-1 levels in chow-fed mice but could decrease active #GLP-1 activity and impair glucose homeostasis in high-fat diet (HFD)–fed mice or dextran #Sulfate sodium/indomethacin–treated mice, suggesting that a damaged gut barrier is required for mDPP4 to affect the activity of host #GLP-1. - Gut microbial DPP4 isozyme can impair host glucose homeostasis, and variations in microbial DPP4 activities could possibly contribute to the heterogeneous responses to sitagliptin observed among patients with T2D.
• [1.11] [#Diabetes Type 2, #Fasting blood glucose levels] 
  - #Kombucha lowered average fasting blood glucose levels at 4 weeks compared to baseline
• [#Diabetes Type 2, #Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] - #Kombucha > improve glycemic parameters, including glucose tolerance, and attenuate symptoms associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese mice.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - #Kombucha significantly lowered both glycemic and insulin indices compared to consumption of a glucose solution.
• [#Fasting blood glucose levels] - #Kombucha > significant reduction of fasting plasma glucose in diabetic rats after 28 days, also with enhanced beta cell regeneration.
• [1.12] [#Bile Acids] 
  - The BAs increase the production of GLP-1 and promote glucose homeostasis.
• [#Clostridium botulinum, #Clostridium caloritolerans, #Clostridium paraputrifcum] [#Indole-3-propionic acid, #Tryptophan] - Some gut microbiomes, C. botulinum, C. caloritolerans and C. paraputrifcum converts Trp to #Indole -3-#Propionic acid (IPA). - Its major contribution is in preserving β-cell function and improving glucose metabolism.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - The #Tyrosine decarboxylase action of bacteria #Ruminococcus gnavus, #Enterococcus faecalis and #Clostridium sporogenes converts #Tyrosine (Tyr) into #Tyramine. - Its role to improve glucose tolerance marked it as a beneficial metabolite to T2DM.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - #Histidine is the source #Imidazole propionate metabolite. It is negatively correlated with diabetes. - It hampers glucose tolerance, insulin signaling, glucose metabolism disorder, and causes systemic inflammation.
• [#Clostridium sporogenes] [#Tryptophan] - Two gut #Bacteria C. sporogenes and #Ruminococcus gnavus can convert Trp into #Tryptamine which is able to inhibit glucose-induced #Hyperglycemia and enhance insulin release.
• [1.13] [#CVD, #Diabetes Type 2, #Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome] 
  - OSA is associated with repetitive episodes of hypoxia–reoxygenation, triggering a cascade of metabolic and inflammatory changes that exacerbate pre-existing metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes. - OSA is linked with impaired glucose metabolism and increased insulin resistance, leading to further inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and the development of atherosclerosis and CVDs. - Individuals with diabetes who developed OSA face a greater risk of peripheral neuropathy (PN), AF, diabetic foot disease (DFD), CKD, and all-cause mortality when compared with diabetics without OSA.
• [1.14] [#Bile Acids] 
  - bile acid receptors, Farnesoid X receptor and G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1, regulate various elements of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism
• [1.15] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Berberine] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - The increase in #Fasting plasma glucose, #Fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) caused by HFD feeding decreased after BBR treatmen
• [1.16] [#Non-nutritive Sweeteners, #Sweeteners] 
  - the #Fasting glucose concentrations and the abundances of #Enterobacteriaceae and #Clostridium leptum were increased in diet-induced #Obesity models treated with aspartame for eight weeks
• [1.17] 
  - greater abundance of some #Lachnospiraceae species is associated with #Obesity and altered lipid and glucose metabolism, while others, such as #Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, have been described as protective against #Obesity. - While some work indicates that a greater abundance of #Lachnospiraceae UCG-001 may be associated with #Obesity, other preclinical and human studies suggest this species may be predictive of weight loss among those with overweight/#Obesity
• [1.18] [#Diabetes Type 2, #Obesity] 
  - the higher dose of #Propyl propane thiosulfinate (PTS) improved glucose and hepatic homeostasis, modulated lipid metabolism, and increased the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue.
• [1.19] 
  - #HDL had a positive association with Elusimicrobium and #Ezakiella, whereas #Dorea and #Blautia were negatively associated with glucose
• - Glucose, #Mannose and glucosamine were preferentially consumed by #Bacteroidales compared with the other orders, whereas #lactulose was mainly produced by #Eubacteriales
• [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Alistipes indistinctus] - Postprandial blood glucose levels were particularly reduced in mice administered with A. indistinctus, #Alistipes finegoldii and #Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron that were fed a high-fat diet. - Insulin tolerance tests also revealed that these strains ameliorated IR, most prominently by A. indistinctus administration. - A. indistinctus administration ameliorated body mass gain, ectopic triglyceride accumulation in the liver and glucose intolerance - Serum levels of HDL-C, adiponectin and, to a lesser extent, triglycerides, were also improved in mice that were treated with A. indistinctus. - carbohydrate oxidation was significantly reduced in mice that were treated with A. indistinctus, implying that carbohydrate use is limited. - A. indistinctus administration substantially altered caecal metabolites, characterized by a reduction in several carbohydrates including #Fructose, a lipogenic monosaccharide. - #Fructose was similarly reduced in the serum - The AUC of insulin tolerance test was positively correlated with the caecal monosaccharides #Fructose, glucose and #Mannose
• [1.21] [#Indole-3-acetic acid] 
  - #Lactobacillus can use #Tryptophan instead of glucose as a source of energy, and produce #AHR ligands such as #Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), #Tryptamine (TA) and 3-methyl #Indole
• [1.22] [#Colorectal cancer] 
  - #Fusobacterium nucleatum has been shown to bind to host epithelial and endothelial cells through FadA adhesin and induce a series of inflammatory reactions mediated by Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and interleukin (IL)-6. - F. nucleatum abundance correlated with high glucose metabolism in patients with CRC. - F. nucleatum induces a dramatic decline of m6A modifications in CRC cells and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tissues by downregulating an m6A methyltransferase, METTL3, contributing to the induction of CRC aggressiveness. - F. nucleatum can also inhibit the cytotoxic functions of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells by binding to the inhibitory immune receptor TIGIT through another adhesin, Fap2, thereby suppressing immune surveillance. - F. nucleatum may contribute to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), so it is tightly associated with cancer cell invasion, suppression of antitumor immune responses, stemness, and treatment resistance
• [1.23] [#Prevotella copri] 
  - glucose was observed to accelerate P. copri growth under no specific conditions,
• [#Prevotella copri] - #Succinate production by P. copri was shown to enhance glucose metabolism and insulin level
• [1.24] [#Metabolic syndrome] 
  -#Resveratrol > glucose and lipid homeostasis improvement and a reduction in fat mass, blood pressure, low-grade inflammation, and #Oxidative stress.
• [1.25] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Keto diet] 
  - high-ketogenic diet is the most promising therapeutic method for mitigating AD because it may restore the metabolic imbalance caused due to the occurrence of aerobic glycolysis in the neurons and the microglia. - The proposed high-ketogenic diet with low carbohydrates enhanced the supply of ketone bodies biosynthesized in the liver using free fatty acids as a substitute for those cells with a high demand for glucose
• [1.26] [#Metabolic syndrome] 
  - #Xanthohumol (XN) and its derivatives mitigate diet-induced #Obesity-related characteristics of MetS in mice by improving impaired glucose and lipid metabolism
• [1.27] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - #Imidazole propionate is produced at higher concentrations from #Histidine in a gut simulator when fecal microbiota from T2DM patients is used, and that it impairs glucose tolerance when administered to mice.
• - #Tyrosine catabolism generates #Tyramine, a neurotransmitter that promotes #Norepinephrine release, resulting in peripheral vasoconstriction, increased blood glucose levels, cardiac output, and respiration. - #Tyramine also promotes microbe adherence to enterocytes and modulates subsequent cytokine signaling by enterocytes
• [#Obesity] - gut microbiota exposed to high-calorie nutrients raise #Acetate levels in the animal, which activates the parasympathetic nervous system. - This increases #Ghrelin and glucose-stimulated insulin system (GSIS) secretion, which promotes appetite for high-calorie foods, resulting in a positive feedback cycle.
• [1.28] 
  - for many metabolites (e.g., phosphate, glucose, #Galactose and #Choline), we observe a high proportion of producers when species diversity is low, but the proportion of consumers overtakes producers as species richness increases. - low species richness is associated with a lack of metabolites available for consumption, favouring species that are self-sufficient in producing these metabolites.
• [1.29] [#Hydrogen sulfide] 
  - In #Cancer patients, endogenous synthesis of #Methanethiol may substantially increase due to elevated levels of metabolites, such as #Methionine (Met), glucose (Glc), H2S, and SAM, in tumor cells.
• - The uptake of glucose and #Methionine is often elevated in #Cancer cells due to the upregulation of the respective transporters
• [#Diabetes Type 1] [#Bile Acids, #Tauroursodeoxycholic acid] - TUDCA, a conjugated secondary BA, was observed to reduce the incidence of diabetes development by improving the glucose utilization and metabolism in streptozotocin-treated C57BL/6 mice
• [1.31] [#Sugar] 
  - feeding dietary simple sugars like glucose and #Fructose would enhance the abundance of #Akkermansia.
• [#Depression, #Schizophrenia] [#Sugar] - Dietary sugars, like #Fructose and glucose, are associated with psychosis-related higher brain dysfunction
• [1.32] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - Transfer of IS-associated bacteria (#Alistipes indistinctus) reduced blood glucose and faecal monosaccharide levels, improved lipid accumulation and ameliorated IR.
• [1.33] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Fusobacterium nucleatum, #Porphyromonas gingivalis, #Prevotella intermedia] 
  - mice fed a high-fat diet, combined administration of P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and P. intermedia induced impaired blood glucose metabolism and insulin resistance with concomitant changes in the gut microbial composition.
• [1.34] [#Polyphenols, #Shikonin ] 
  - shikonin – a polyphenol widely used in Chinese traditional medicine – has shown to suppress glucose consumption and #Lactate production as well as inhibit the nuclear translocation and enzymatic activity of PKM2, which is responsible for stimulating the Warburg effect in macrophages, in a DSS-induced #Colitis mouse model
• [1.35] 
  - #Stearic acid is considered relatively neutral when compared to some other saturated fatty acids. - It holds a significant role in various bodily processes such as inflammation regulation, coagulation, glucose balance, and bile acid metabolism.
• [1.36] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Secondary bile acids] 
  - stimulating the G-protein-coupled receptor 5 by gut-bacteria-derived secondary BAs influences glucose homeostasis through glucagon-like peptide-1 (#GLP-1) action.
• [1.37] [#Breast cancer, #Cancer] [#Metformin] [#Keto diet] 
  - animals treated with the combination regimen showed significantly lower tumor burden, higher tumor latency and slower tumor growth. - lowering systemic glucose by this combined dietary and pharmacologic approach improved overall survival in our mouse model by 31 days, which is approximately equivalent to 3 human years.

References Notes