Negibacteria ⇒ Bacteroidetes {10000142}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Covid-19] 
  - Bacteroidetes trigger intestinal immune cells to release interferons. Interferons are key factors that ramp up the body’s response to viruses and help eliminate cells that are infected. - Bacteroidetes have a specific molecule on their cell surface called a #Glycolipid that causes intestinal immune cells to release antiviral interferons.
• [1.2] 
  - #Obesity alters the balance of #Firmicutes in non-obese individuals to Bacteroidetes phyla in obese ones.
• [1.3] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Niacin] [#Microencapsulated delayed-release Nicotinic Acid] 
  - Gut-targeted delayed-release NA but not NAM produced a significant increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes. - In the absence of systemic side effects, these favorable microbiome changes induced by microencapsulated delayed-release NA were associated with an improvement of biomarkers for systemic insulin sensitivity and metabolic inflammation.
• [1.4] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - Bacteroidetes has a substrate preference for certain fats.
• [1.5] [#Obesity] 
  - Bacteroidetes > prevalence is lower in obese people > low-calorie diet > proportion increasealong with weight loss based on a low-calorie diet .
• [1.6] 
  - Low levels of Bacteroidetes phylum > associate with #Obesity and #High fasting glucose > increases following the “good” diet and decreases following the “bad” diet
• [1.7] 
  - #Protein powder consumption > decrease in #Lachnospiraceae, #Roseburia, #Blautia, Synergistales, #Coprococcus, #Lactobacillales, Bacilli, #Bifidobacterium longum and #Firmicutes. - #Protein powder consumption > higher abundance of Bacteroidetes.
• [1.8] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - Decrease in Bacteroidetes and #Alloprevotella and increase in #Proteobacteria, #Verrucomicrobia, #Akkermansia, and #Desulfovibrio > improve short-term memory ability and cognitive level of AD mice
• [1.9] [#Sphingolipid] 
  - High ceramide levels > associated with insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, liver steatosis, and the formation of lipid rafts. - Some classes of #Ceramides in the blood increase the risk for late-onset #Alzheimer’s disease, as they are neurotoxic and induce apoptosis . - Bacteroidetes phylum can synthesize sphingolipids > human epithelial cells > #Ceramides
• [#Serine-glycine] - Intraperitoneal administration of L654 over 7 weeks to HFD-fed Ldlr−/− mice resulted in hypocholesterolemic effects and significantly attenuated the progression of #Atherosclerosis. - L654 and other bacterial glycine lipids in feces, liver, and serum were markedly reduced alongside changes in Bacteroidetes relative abundance in HFD-fed mice.
• [1.11] [#Major depressive disorder] 
  - #Actinobacteria were found to be increased, whereas Bacteroidetes were decreased in relation to other phyla, and some studies suggested decreased microbial diversity in MDD patients
• [1.12] 
  - #Multiple Sclerosis > In the paediatric population, an inverse correlation has been observed between the phylum Bacteroidetes and Th17 cells (which are associated with autoimmunity)
• [1.13] 
  - #Low FODMAP diet > an increase in Bacteroidetes, a decrease in #Firmicutes species
• [1.14] [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] 
  - #Vancomycin is used for C. difficile (CDI) which is associated with decrease in number of gut microbes like Bacteroidetes, #Fuminococcus, and #Faecalibacterium and increases in #Proteobacteria species.
• [1.15] [#Fecal Microbiota Transplantation] 
  - recipients with higher donor strain engraftment were more likely to experience clinical success after FMT. - Bacteroidetes and #Actinobacteria species (including Bifidobacteria) displayed higher engraftment than #Firmicutes except for six under-characterized #Firmicutes species.
• [1.16] [#Culinary herbs and spices] 
  - higher #Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio has been associated with #Obesity. - decrease in #Firmicutes and increase in Bacteroidetes following spice intervention in humans
• [1.17] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - AD > A positive correlation between the pro-inflammatory cytokines and Escherichia/Shigella (pro-inflammatory taxon) and a negative correlation with #Eubacterium rectale (anti-inflammatory taxon). - a decrease in #Firmicutes and #Bifidobacterium and increased levels of #Proteobacteria, #Actinobacteria - a disputed frequency of Bacteroidetes in various studies..
• [1.18] [#Soft Tissue Sarcoma] 
  - small but consistent proportion of bacterial DNA (0.02–0.03%) in all tumors, including #Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and #Firmicutes, as well as viral species.
• [1.19] [#Natural Skin Microbiome] [#Infants] 
  - Infant skin > 21 bacterial phyla with #Proteobacteria, #Firmicutes, #Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes being the most abundant. - the relative abundance of #Burkholderiaceae and #Staphylococcus, highly abundant after birth, decreased progressively, to the benefit of newly colonizing taxa such as #Streptococcus, #Veillonella, and #Enhydrobacter aerosaccus
• [#Systemic lupus erythematosus] - Acidic Water associated with #Turicibacter spp., which is frequently found in active lupus disease, and all-trans #Retinoic acid in Bacteroidetes associated with renal pathology.
• [1.21] 
  - Five bacterial phyla including #Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, #Actinobacteria, #Proteobacteria, and #Fusobacteria can participate in #Tryptophan metabolism, being those belonging to the #Clostridium, #Burkholderia, #Streptomyces, #Pseudomonas or #Bacillus genera the most important modulators
• [1.22] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - HF diets affect the composition of the gut microbiota limiting SCFAs production. - It reduces the diversity of bacterial strains and the abundance of Bacteroidetes, promoting the growth of #Firmicutes and #Proteobacteria. - Animal studies confirmed the rise in pro-inflammatory cytokines and plasma #Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with consequent pro-inflammatory signalling induced by NF-kB.
• [1.23] [#Human breast milk] 
  - #Phosphatidylserine has implications for brain development in #Infants > induce major shifts in #Bacillota (#Firmicutes): #Bacteroidota (Bacteroidetes) ratio in human gut microbiomes. - #Clostridia and #Veillonella genera > use #Phosphatidylserine as a substrate to catalyse phosphatidylethanolamine and plasmenylethanolamine, both by employing respective phospholipid decarboxylase activities.
• [1.24] [#Gender] 
  - #Depression > Female patients have a characteristic increase in the phyla #Actinobacteria, male patients have reduced Bacteroidetes and both genders display disrupted #Firmicutes homeostasis and elevated #Collinsella spp. abundance
• [1.25] [#Major depressive disorder] 
  - in MDD > Changes observed in lipoproteins, were consistent with the differential composition of gut microbiota belonging to the order #Clostridiales and the phyla #Proteobacteria/Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidetes/#Bacteroidota.
• [1.26] [#Porphyromonas gingivalis] 
  - P. gingivalis infection gives rise to microbiome dysbiosis. It increases serum endotoxin levels, allowing opportunistic pathogens to colonize in the oral cavity and stimulating the overgrowth of commensal microbes in the intestine (generally upregulates Bacteroidetes and #Deferribacteres, and downregulates #Firmicutes)
• [#Klebsiella pneumoniae] - sufficient symbiotic microbe protection from Bacteroidetes could prevent the host-to-host transmission and intestinal colonization of K. pneumoniae
• [1.27] 
  - Higher proportions of Bacteroidetes, namely #Prevotella, and lower proportions of #Firmicutes (#Streptococcus, #Veillonella, #Gemella, and #Lactobacillaceae) are found in the duodenum compared with the jejunum.
• [1.28] 
  - an increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and #Proteobacteria is reported in #Major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, with a concurrent reduction in the #Firmicutes phylum also described
• [1.29] 
  - In acute #Colitis, #Melatonin led to increased clinical, systemic and intestinal inflammatory parameters. - During remission, continued MLT administration delayed recovery, increased TNF, memory effector lymphocytes and diminished spleen regulatory cells. - MLT treatment reduced Bacteroidetes and augmented #Actinobacteria and #Verrucomicrobia phyla in mice feces. - Microbiota depletion resulted in a remarkable reversion of the #Colitis phenotype after MLT administration, including a counter-regulatory immune response, reduction in TNF and colon macrophages. - There was a decrease in #Actinobacteria, #Firmicutes and, most strikingly, #Verrucomicrobia phylum in recovering mice. Finally, these results pointed to a gut-microbiota-dependent effect of MLT in the potentiation of intestinal inflammation.
• [#Obesity] - #Broccoli intervention increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and reduced the relative abundance of #Firmicutes.
• [1.31] [#Acute lymphoblastic leukemia] 
  - increase in the relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes was reported in #Children with ALL compared with healthy #Children
• [1.32] [#Hypertension] 
  - the hypertensive group had higher levels of Gram-negative bacteria, predominantly from the families Bacteroidetes and #Negativicutes.
• [1.33] 
  - #Glyphosate exposure in rats led to increased #Bacteroidota (formerly known as Bacteroidetes) and decreased #Bacillota (formerly known as #Firmicutes) bacteria in the gut.
• [1.34] 
  - Other genera in the bacteroidetes phyla are #Alistipes, #Anaerorhabdus, #Dichelobacter, #Fibrobacter, #Megamonas, #Mitsuokella, #Rikenella, #Sebaldella, #Tannerella, and #Tissierella.
• [#Bile Acids] - The majority of the Bacteroidetes species fall into three genera: #Prevotella (bile-sensitive, moderately saccharolytic, with pigmented and nonpigmented species), #Porphyromonas (bile-sensitive, pigmented, asaccharolytic species), and #Bacteroides (bile-resistant, nonpigmented, saccharolytic species).
• - #Sphingolipids can be produced by the intestinal symbiotic bacteria Bacteroidetes and #Prevotellaceae. - #Sphingolipids can also aggravate intestinal inflammation.
• - #Diabetes Type 1 > negative correlation has been reported between plasma #Glucose level and #Bifidobacterium, #Lactobacillus spp., and #Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes spp., while there has been positive correlation between #Clostridium and plasma #Glucose level.
• [1.35] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - The abundance of #Firmicutes and the ratio of #Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes increased in mice fed an HFD, but this increase was prevented by dietary #Nitrate.
• [1.36] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - HFD promotes #Firmicutes and reduces Bacteroidetes, i.e., high #Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. - HFD enhances the proportion of #Butyrate-producing bacteria. While elevated #Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and #Butyrate-producing bacteria are generally linked to a healthful status
• [1.37] 
  - The Bacteroidetes phylum mainly consists of #Bacteroides and #Prevotella.
• [#Lipopolysaccharide] - Bacteroidetes produce lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are interestingly offensive to the gut mucosal barrier and play a role in retina inflammation by increasing interleukin-6 (#IL-6)
• [#Sjögren syndrome ] - Sjogren’s syndrome > an increase in Bacteroidetes, an opportunistic commensal, and a decrease in #Firmicutes and #Faecalibacterium > decreased Treg cells - the degree of dysbiosis was partly correlated with the severity of ocular surface disease.
• [1.38] [#Systemic lupus erythematosus] 
  - SLE > the abundance of Bacteroidetes was positively correlated with glomerular pathological scores.
• [1.39] [#Green Tea] 
  - tea #Polyphenols (TP) significantly decreases the #Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. - Suppression of #Firmicutes by tea #Polyphenols and their metabolites favors Bacteroidetes in the gut of mice, indicating that tea #Polyphenols has a modulatory effect on the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
• - #Propionate biosynthesis at phylum level occurs via two modes: the #Lactate pathway regulated by #Firmicutes and the #Succinate pathway by Bacteroidetes
• [1.41] 
  - #Propionate is produced by some #Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and #Verrucomicrobia, especially #Akkermansia muciniphila
• [1.42] [#fruit vegetable juice] 
  - Consumption of fruit/vegetable juice for 3 days followed by 14 days of habitual diet also reduced #Firmicutes and #Proteobacteria, with a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and #Cyanobacteria
• - #Broccoli containing both dietary fibre and glucosinolates (plant secondary metabolites) exerted a 9% decrease in #Firmicutes, while causing a reciprocal increase in the phyla Bacteroidetes
• [1.43] [#Ruminococcaceae] [#ICI therapy] 
  - Bacteroidetes remained the most common gut bacteria with increased levels of Ruminococcacae and #Akkermansia muciniphila after treatment which is in contrast to patients who did not respond to anti-PD-1 therapy and had increasing levels of #Proteobacteria after treatment,
• [1.44] 
  - #Bacteroides fragilis and #Prevotella copri (Bacteroidetes), #Bifidobacterium longum and #Collinsella aerofaciens (#Actinobacteria), and #Helicobacter pylori (#Proteobacteria) can produce #Vitamin B6 as they have these biosynthetic mechanisms
• [1.45] [#Autism] 
  - The increased abundance of #Clostridia and #Desulfovibrio and Bacteroidetes/#Firmicutes ratio were related to the severity of ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms.
• [#Autism] - The levels of oxytocin and #DHEA-S, which have been considered to be etiologies of ASD, were significantly lower in the plasma of #Children with ASD - decreased #DHEA-S levels and a lower Bacteroidetes/#Firmicutes ratio which increased after #Probiotic implementation
• [1.46] [#Fructooligosaccharides, #humanized Galactooligosaccharides] 
  - #Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and #Firmicutes, can ferment FOS, GOS, and xylooligosaccharides (XOS).
• [#humanized Galactooligosaccharides] - GOSs can greatly stimulate #Bifidobacteria and #Lactobacilli. #Bifidobacteria in #Infants have shown high incorporation with GOS. Enterobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and #Firmicutes are also stimulated by GOS, but to a lesser extent than #Bifidobacteria
• [1.47] [#Estrogen] 
  - women with low estradiol were significantly enriched of #Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes,
• [#Estrogen] - Increasing estradiol was correlated with an increase in Bacteroidetes and a decrease in #Firmicutes, leading women with low estradiol to have a higher #Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio.
• [#Major depressive disorder] [#Gender] - Women with MDD display higher levels of #Actinobacteria compared to healthy women, whereas men with MDD exhibited lower levels of Bacteroidetes.
• [1.48] [#Gastric bypass surgery] 
  - Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) resulted in clear alteration in composition of gut fungal and bacterial microbiota. - Before surgery, patients had higher levels of #Firmicutes and #Actinobacteria and lower levels of #Verrucomicrobia - #Faecalibacterium and #Bifidobacterium showed a decrease after surgery and aerotolerant #Streptococcus was increased postoperatively. - The relative abundance of #Proteobacteria was increased after surgery. - Changes in fungal microbiota composition included decreases in #Candida and #Saccharomyces and increases in #Pichia. - levels of #Verrucomicrobia and #Proteobacteria increased after the surgery procedure - Bifidobacteriaceae abundance decreased, whereas Streptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae increased after surgery. - RYGB led to increased #Firmicutes and #Actinobacteria phyla but decreased Bacteroidetes phylum
• [#Colorectal cancer] - reduction of Bacteroidetes and #Firmicutes and increase of #Proteobacteria in patients undergoing surgery for CRC.
• [1.49] 
  - in adults > decreased abundance of bacteria from the phylum #Actinobacteria and increased abundance of bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidetes in those tested early in the #Pandemic compared to before the #Pandemic.
• [#Colorectal cancer] - bacteria belonging to the #Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla were the most abundant species in colorectal tumors

References Notes