Bacteroidetes ⇒ Negibacteria {10000142}

Shared Notes

• [1.38] 
  - Bacteroidetes trigger intestinal immune cells to release interferons. Interferons are key factors that ramp up the body’s response to viruses and help eliminate cells that are infected.
  - Bacteroidetes have a specific molecule on their cell surface called a glycolipid that causes intestinal immune cells to release antiviral interferons.
• [1.42] 
  - Obesity alters the balance of Firmicutes in non-obese individuals to Bacteroidetes phyla in obese ones.
• [1.43] 
  - Gut-targeted delayed-release NA but not NAM produced a significant increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes.
  - In the absence of systemic side effects, these favorable microbiome changes induced by microencapsulated delayed-release NA were associated with an improvement of biomarkers for systemic insulin sensitivity and metabolic inflammation.
• [1.44] 
  - Bacteroidetes has a substrate preference for certain fats.
• [1.45] 
  - Bacteroidetes > prevalence is lower in obese people > low-calorie diet > proportion increasealong with weight loss based on a low-calorie diet .
  
• [1.46] 
  - Low levels of Bacteroidetes phylum > associate with obesity and high fasting glucose > increases following the “good” diet and decreases following the “bad” diet
• [1.47] 
  - Protein powder consumption > decrease in Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Blautia, Synergistales, Coprococcus, Lactobacillales, Bacilli, Bifidobacterium longum and Firmicutes.
  - Protein powder consumption > higher abundance of Bacteroidetes.
• [1.48] 
  - Decrease in Bacteroidetes and Alloprevotella and increase in Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia, and Desulfovibrio > improve short-term memory ability and cognitive level of AD mice
• [1.41] 
  - High ceramide levels > associated with insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, liver steatosis, and the formation of lipid rafts.
  - Some classes of ceramides in the blood increase the risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, as they are neurotoxic and induce apoptosis .
  - Bacteroidetes phylum can synthesize sphingolipids > human epithelial cells > Ceramides
• [1.49] 
  - Intraperitoneal administration of L654 over 7 weeks to HFD-fed Ldlr−/− mice resulted in hypocholesterolemic effects and significantly attenuated the progression of atherosclerosis.
  - L654 and other bacterial glycine lipids in feces, liver, and serum were markedly reduced alongside changes in Bacteroidetes relative abundance in HFD-fed mice.
• [1.50] 
  - Actinobacteria were found to be increased, whereas Bacteroidetes were decreased in relation to other phyla, and some studies suggested decreased microbial diversity in MDD patients