Disease ⇒ Bipolar disorder {40000198}
| Type: | Disease |
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| Parent: | [ ] |
| Definition: | Bipolar disorder |
| Initialisation date: | [ ] |
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| Other Terms: | [ ] |
| MedDra ID: | 10057667 |
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| MedDra Level: | pt |
| ICD: | [ ] |
| Category: | [ ] |
| Zone: | [ ] |
| Mechanism: | [ ] |
Notes:
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Shared Reference Notes
- [1.1]
- Family Ruminococcaceae, genus Faecalibacterium, and species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Members of this clade, known for butyrate production, are reduced in BD. - [1.2]
- In bipolar disorder, gut microbiota alpha-diversity decreased with increasing illness duration. - In bipolar disorder, Actinobacteria and Coriobacteria were overrepresented in patients compared to healthy controls - [1.3]
- neurotransmitter dysregulation strongly underlies the pathophysiology of BD. - Several neurotransmitters, including monoamines (serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine), glutamate, acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels can be different according to the phase of BD. - Alterations in different neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and somatostatin have also been observed in patients with BD. - there is a significant low-grade chronic inflammation reported in patients with BD, with an aberrant immune activation observed in the gut and systemically, which influences HPA axis, gut microbiota, metabolic functions, and the brain, driving to a phenomenon of neuroinflammation - [#Depression] - Depressive stages in BD patients manifested in form of melancholia are associated with higher IgA responses to #Citrobacter koseri than in healthy or non-melancholic depressed individuals. - - in BD patients with a depressive episode > increased levels of #Coriobacteria and #Actinobacteria together with decreased #Ruminococcaceae and #Faecalibacterium.
- - #Prevotella 2 and #Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 are more prevalent in patients with MDD than BD patients. - MDD is associated with alterations in #Bacteroidaceae family, whereas disturbances in #Lachnospiraceae, #Prevotellaceae, and #Ruminococcaceae families are related to BD
- - #Flavonifractor, a genus linked to oxidative stress inducement, was associated with an odds ratio of 2.9 for having BD
- - individuals with type I BD showed higher IgM responses to #Morganella morganii than patients with MDD and type II BD
- [1.4]
- #Ruminococcaceae at genus and family levels have been found to be depleted in cases of both uni- and bipolar #Depression - [1.5]
- ROS are produced in the brain mostly by microglia , and these products appear to be raised in patients with BD, which leads to oxidative and nitrosative damage. - [#Inflamatory bowel disease, #Irritable bowel syndrome] - IBS , #Celiac Disease and IBD have been associated with an increment in the risk of developing BD.
- - patients with BD may have an altered histaminergic system, with upregulated #Histamine levels in manic phases and downregulated in #Depression
- - The increment of serum #Zonulin levels may be related to higher susceptibility for #Depression induced by stimuli. - #Zonulin and claudin-5 have seen increased in patients with BD.
- [#Major depressive disorder, #Schizophrenia] - MDD was often characterized by higher #Alistipes and #Parabacteroides and lower #Prevotella; BD by higher #Bifidobacterium and #Oscillibacter; and SZ by higher #Prevotella and lower #Bacteroides, #Haemophilus, and #Streptococcus
- [#Major depressive disorder, #Schizophrenia] - Gut microbiota in BD, MDD and SZ > increase in #Eggerthella and #Lactobacillus, together with a decrease in #Coprococcus was common for the three conditions in comparison to controls.
- [#Major depressive disorder, #Schizophrenia] - MDD and SZ shared higher levels of #Escherichia/#Shigella and #Veillonella whereas increased #Megasphaera and lower #Roseburia are common for BD and SZ.
- [#Major depressive disorder, #Schizophrenia] [#Quinolinic acid, #kynurenine] - shift in the #Tryptophan metabolism from #Serotonin to the kyn pathway is associated with BD, MDD and SZ, but only in mood disorders (BD and MDD) there was a preferential metabolism of Kyn to the potentially neurotoxic QA.
- [#Major depressive disorder] [#Bifidobacterium infantis] - the abundance of #Fusobacteriaceae, #Escherichia blattae DSM 4481 and #Klebsiella oxytoca were significantly augmented, whereas the #Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 = JCM 1222 was significantly reduced in BD group compared with MDD group
- [#Major depressive disorder] - MDD and BD had more commonalities, including higher #Enterococcus, #Flavonifractor, and #Streptococcus, and lower #Faecalibacterium and #Ruminococcus.
- [#Major depressive disorder] - #Prevotella 2 and #Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 are more prevalent in patients with MDD than BD patients.
- [#Schizophrenia] - BD and SZ are characterized by higher serum antibody levels to fungal pathogens #Saccharomyces cerevisiae and #Candida albicans > could be related to cognitive performance or the onset of psychotic symptoms
- [#3-hydroxykynurenine, #Quinolinic acid, #kynurenic acid, #kynurenine] - individuals with BD present lower peripheral blood levels of #Tryptophan, Kyn, KYNA, xanthurenic acid (a component derived from 3-HK), KYNA/Kyn and KYNA/QA ratio
- - in BD > Especially, #GABA, #Glutamate, #Serotonin, #Dopamine, norepinephrine and #Acetylcholine appears to be importantly dysregulated in these patients
- - BD patients with a depressive episode > increased levels of #Coriobacteria and #Actinobacteria together with decreased #Ruminococcaceae and #Faecalibacterium.
- - Levels of #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, #Bacteroides–#Prevotella group, #Atopobium Cluster, #Enterobacter spp. and #Clostridium cluster IV were higher in BD patients than healthy subjects along with a reduced #Bifidobacteria to #Enterobacteriaceae ratio, having these changes a possible impact on brain function in these patients.
- - Patients with BD show reductions in #Butyrate-producing bacteria which, being a central feature of MGB axis disruption.
- - #Butyrate has been demonstrated to revert manic-like behavior in rats and regulates the antioxidant enzyme activities, protecting the brain against oxidative damage
- - Depressive stages in BD patients manifested in form of melancholia are associated with higher IgA responses to #Citrobacter koseri than in healthy or non-melancholic depressed individuals.
- - Evidence has even found that levels of #Claudin-5 are associated with an earlier onset of BD, while reduced levels of this protein is associated with an extended duration of BD
- - patients with type II BD exhibit a greater abundance of #Collinsella in comparison to those with type I.
- - #Flavonifractor, a genus linked to #Oxidative stress inducement, was associated with an odds ratio of 2.9 for having BD
- - BD patients have increased levels of IgG antibodies to #Gliadin, especially during mania, compared to controls. - The persistence of elevated antibodies to #Gliadin in patients with mania showed an association with rehospitalization rates in a 6-month follow-up.
- [#kynurenine] - Kyn pathway seems to be abnormally activated in BD patients.
- - higher levels of #Lactate from glycolysis in BD have been reported, which can relate to metabolic dysfunctions and a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation
- - individuals with type I BD showed higher IgM responses to #Morganella morganii than patients with MDD and type II BD.
- [#kynurenic acid] - there is an inverse relationship between #Oscillibacter (a genera increased in patients with BD) and the levels of #Tryptophan and KYNA.
- [#kynurenic acid] - individuals with manic episode showed the greatest reductions in #Tryptophan levels whereas KYNA levels were more notably reduced among individuals in the depressive phase
References Notes
individuals with BD present lower peripheral blood levels of tryptophan, Kyn, KYNA, xanthurenic acid (a component derived from 3-HK), KYNA/Kyn and KYNA/QA ratio