Disease ⇒ Colitis {40000146}

References Notes

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  -Colitis induction was dependent on the commensal microbiota such as B. ovatus and E. faecalis promoting the azo reduction of Red 40 and generation of a metabolite, 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulfonate sodium salt.
• [1.2] 
  - triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent found in thousands of consumer products > exacerbates colitis and colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis in animal models.
  - intestinal commensal microbes > microbial β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes > mediate metabolic activation of triclosan in the colon > gut toxicology.
• [1.3] 
  - C tropicalis > induces dysbiosis that involves changes in the presence of mucin-degrading bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcus gnavus > leading to altered tight junction protein expression with increased intestinal permeability > followed by induction of robust Th1/Th17 responses > lead to an accelerated proinflammatory phenotype in experimental colitic mice.
• [1.4] 
  - Brain’s insular cortex (InsCtx) stores immune-related information.
  - Chemogenetic reactivation of these neuronal ensembles > broadly retrieve the inflammatory state under which these neurons were captured.
• [1.6] 
  - Oral gavages of Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, and Cronobacter sakazakii belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, singly or together, caused dose-dependently colitis and depression-like behaviors in germ-free and specific-pathogen-free mice.
• [1.7] 
  - Salt consumption decreased Lactobacillus abundance, which was linked to increased T helper 17 cell numbers in murine small intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as higher blood pressure.
  - a high-salt diet reduced Lactobacillus abundance, increased proinflammatory gene expression, and exacerbated colitis in two separate disease models
• [1.8] 
  - S. epidermidis is predominantly a commensal skin microbe in humans but can also colonize the infant gut as a founding member in part through breastmilk seeding.
  - S. epidermidis tends to disappear from the gut with age, its presence during early immune education may facilitate establishment of a largely tolerogenic intestinal memory CD4+ T cell pool.
  - S. epidermidis can turn pathologic when it becomes bloodborne in an at-risk host.
• [1.9] 
  - The protein expressed by the Bacteroides is almost identical to a protein expressed by insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
  - The CD8 lymphocytes can mistakenly attack the pancreatic cells and cause type 1 diabetes.