Clostridium ⇒ Clostridioides difficile {10000704}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Excess levels of iron and zinc seems to promote the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gut, such as Clostridium difficile.
• [1.2] 
  - #Autism incidence has been found to be higher in the C. difficile diseased population.
• - #Schizophrenia and autism incidence has been found to be higher in the C. difficile diseased population. - This association was further explained by a #Phenylalanine derivative synthesized and released by the same bacteria in the gut that is known to regulate catecholamine levels in the brain.
• [1.3] [#Caloric restriction] 
  - Weight loss was associated with impaired nutrient absorption and enrichment in Clostridioides difficile, which was consistent with a decrease in bile acids and was sufficient to replicate metabolic phenotypes in mice in a toxin-dependent manner.
• [1.4] [#Bile Acids] 
  - #Odoribacteraceae > produces a bile acid called #Isoallolithocholic acid > inhibit the growth of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) in a lab culture > preventing illness.
• [1.5] [#Antibiotic Therapy] 
  - MCBAs can inhibit C. difficile spore germination and impact growth and toxin expression introduces other mechanistic avenues by which BSH activity can be used to restore colonization resistance after antibiotic treatment
• [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] -#Bile Salt hydrolases (BSH) enzymes can restrict the growth of the deadly #Colitis-inducing bacterium Clostridioides difficile.
• [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] [#Bile Acids] - Conjugated BAs may suppress the expression of C. difficile’s toxin A.
• [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] [#Bile Acids] - #Taurine conjugates inhibit growth less, while #Glycine conjugates and deconjugated BAs are much more toxic to C. difficile.
• [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] [#Tauro-cholic acid] - TCA acts as a germinant for C. difficile spores, whereas #Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) can inhibit germination and growth
• [1.6] [#Candida albicans] [#Para-cresol] 
  - In the presence of C. Albicans, the opportunistic bacterium C. difficile can tolerate aerobic conditions, and the p-cresol produced by C. difficile inhibit C. Albian’s hypha formation, biofilm formation, and virulence. - This symbiotic relationship leads to more severe infection of C. difficile in mice models and increases IL-8 production in experimental intestinal epithelial cell-lines
• - Intestinal #Veillonella attaches to the mucosa of the distal gut and positively coexists with Clostridioides in C. difficile colonization (CDC) patients
• [#Inflamatory bowel disease] [#Fusobacterium nucleatum] - F. nucleatum coexists with #Clostridium through adhesin RadD, encouraging the intestinal mucus layer’s bacterial biofilm formation in IBD patients. This symbiotic relationship accelerates the extracellular polysaccharides-producing process and chemotaxis level of C. difficile
• [1.7] [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] 
• [1.8] [#Short peptide bacteriocins] 
  - SPB of class RiPP- sactibitoic called thuricin CD, which showed potent inhibition of Clostridium difficile without affecting the commensal gut microbiome
• [1.9] 
  - Clostridium difficile infections can also trigger #Obesity.
• [#Enterobacteriaceae bacterium] - A unique feature of C. difficile is the production of high concentrations of the antimicrobial compound #Para-cresol, which provides the bacterium with a competitive advantage over other bacteria found in the gut. - 4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, significantly reducing C. difficile’s ability to compete with a gut dwelling Escherichia coli strain in competition-index assays, through a reduction in p-cresol production - 4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile > inhibitor of HpdBCA decarboxylase, > reduced p-cresol production by 99.0 ± 0.4%.
• [#Para-cresol] - p-cresol selectively kills Gram-negative bacteria, which are relatively sensitive to p-cresol, whilst Gram-positive bacteria, such as C. difficile, are relatively tolerant to p-creso - ability to produce p-cresol is universal for C. difficile, with the HpdBCA pathway conserved in all five lineages. - C. difficile is one of only a few gut bacteria that produce p-cresol, therapeutics targeted against p-cresol could be highly specific to C. difficile
• [1.11] [#Para-cresol] 
  - p-Cresol is an aromatic derivative of #Tyrosine produced as a catabolite by many members of the gut microbiota, including some #Bifidobacteriaceae, #Enterobacteriaceae, #Clostridiaceae, #Lactobacillaceae, #Coriobacteriaceae, and #Bacteroidaceae. - #Clostridia difficile has displayed a particular growth advantage on p-cresol and people with #Autism spectrum disorders often have a gut microbiome that is enriched in #Clostridia.
• [1.12] 
  - #Succinate can promote the growth of some beneficial bacteria like #Clostridia spp. - It also allows harmful bacteria like C. difficile to thrive,
• [1.13] [#Berberine] 
  - BBR has direct inhibitory effects on #Bacteria such as #Clostridium difficile, #Actinobacillus, and #Bacillus subtilis
• [1.14] [#Bifidobacterium infantis, #Bifidobacterium longum, #Kingella denitrificans, #Propionibacterium freudenreichii] 
  - #Vitamin B12 producer are > #Pseudomonas denitrificans, #Bacillus megaterium, and Propionibacterium freudenreichi, #Bacteroides fragilis, #Prevotella copri, #Clostridium difficile, #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, #Ruminococcus lactaris, #Bifidobacterium animalis, B.infantis, B.longum, and #Fusobacterium varium
• [#Lactobacillus bulgaricus, #Lactobacillus delbrueckii] - There are several bacteria that can produce #Folate in the gut, which include #Bacteroides fragilis, #Prevotella copri, #Clostridium difficile, #Lactobacillus plantarum, L. reuteri, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, #Streptococcus thermophilus, #Bifidobacterium spp. (some species), #Fusobacterium varium, and #Salmonella enterica
• [1.15] [#Atopic Dermatitis] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - gut microbiome structure in patients with AD > increased abundance of Clostridium difficile and decreased abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria such as #Bifidobacterium.
• [1.16] [#Crohn’s disease] [#Clostridium paraputrificum] [#Fecal Microbiota Transplantation] 
  - Transferred fecal microbiota from healthy patients and patients with defined Crohn’s ileocolitis (CD_L3) to germ-free mice > a markedly reduced engraftment of CD_L3 microbiome compared to healthy control microbiota. - FMT from CD_L3 patients did not lead to ileitis but resulted in #Colitis with features consistent with CD: a discontinued pattern of #Colitis, more proximal colonic localization, enlarged isolated lymphoid follicles and/or tertiary lymphoid organ neogenesis, and a transcriptomic pattern consistent with epithelial reprograming and promotion of the Paneth cell-like signature in the proximal colon and immune dysregulation characteristic of CD. - The observed inflammatory response associated with persistently increased abundance of #Ruminococcus gnavus, #Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum, #Faecalimonas umbilicate, #Blautia hominis, #Clostridium butyricum, and C. paraputrificum and unexpected growth of toxigenic C. difficile.

References Notes