Staphylococcus ⇒ Staphylococcus aureus {10000114}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Staphylococcal bacterial infection and bacterial toxins can trigger an immune response that leads to the production of dietary-antigen-specific IgE antibodies in mice, which are limited to the intestine. - Following subsequent oral ingestion of the respective dietary antigen, an IgE- and mast-cell-dependent mechanism induced increased visceral pain. -This aberrant pain signalling resulted from histamine receptor H1-mediated sensitization of visceral afferents. - Injection of food antigens (gluten, wheat, soy and milk) into the rectosigmoid mucosa of patients with #Irritable bowel syndrome induced local oedema and mast cell activation.
• [1.2] [#Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma] 
  - Staphylococcus aureus > contribute to disease progression
• [1.3] [#Atopic Dermatitis] [#Staphylococcus epidermidis] 
  - increased abundance of S. aureus with depletion of S. epidermidis and #Corynebacterium spp. among AD patients. - S. epidermidis, a commensal present on non–inflamed skin, appears to be S. aureus best antagonist. - less severe flares of AD had higher counts of S. epidermidis whereas the more severe flares were associated with S. aureus
• [#Atopic Dermatitis] [#Staphylococcus lugdunensis] - #Staphylococcus hominis, S. lugdunensis and S. epidermidis produce several molecules capable of synergizing the innate antimicrobial response against S. aureus
• [1.4] [#Atopic Dermatitis] 
  - samples where S. aureus was highly abundant, lower abundances of S. hominis and Cutibacterium acnes were observed. M. osloensis and M. luteus were more abundant in AD. - The flexures exhibited lower alpha-diversity and were colonized by S. aureus, accompanied by S. epidermidis in lesions. Malassezia species were absent on the neck in AD.
• [1.5] [#Atopic Dermatitis] 
  - S. aureus, a dominant species among the family of Staphylococcae, can be 100 times more abundant in AD skin compared to normal healthy skin. - AD is associated with a depletion in the coagulase-negative staphylococcal species (CoNS), such as S. epidermidis, S. hominis, and other skin commensal bacterial communities, including Streptococcus salivarius, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Prevotella and Proteobacteria. - AD patients exhibit abundant S. aureus in their gut microbiota
• [1.6] [#Natural Skin Microbiome] 
  - Other Staphylococcus spp. that inhabit the skin of humans, for example #Staphylococcus hominis and #Staphylococcus lugdunensis, may produce antimicrobial peptides that specifically inhibit colonization by S. aureus.
• [1.7] [#Systemic lupus erythematosus] 
  - after Staphylococcus aureus was epicutaneously applied on NfkbizΔK5 mice, NfkbizΔK5 mice developed SLE-associated autoantibodies, anti-dsDNA antibodies, anti-Sm antibodies, and glomerulonephritis with IgG deposition. - This staphylococcal skin colonization promoted caspase-mediated keratinocyte apoptosis and neutrophil activation, inducing the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/IL-17 immune response by activating dendritic cells and T cells. - the subcutaneous administration of anti–IL-23p19 and anti–IL-17A antibodies alleviated the systemic autoimmune response.
• [1.8] 
  - widespread class of #Bacillus lipopeptides, the fengycins, eliminates S. aureus by inhibiting S. aureus quorum sensing—a process through which bacteria respond to their population density by altering gene regulation. - consumption of #Probiotic #Bacillus bacteria comprehensively abolished colonization by the dangerous pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in a rural Thai population.
• [1.9] [#Natural Skin Microbiome] 
  - upon injury, adaptive responses to the microbiota directly promote sensory neuron regeneration. - At homeostasis, tissue-resident commensal-specific T cells colocalize with sensory nerve fibers within the dermis, express a transcriptional program associated with neuronal interaction and repair, and promote axon growth and local nerve regeneration following injury.
• - #Epigallocatechin gallate (ECGC) exert strong antimicrobial properties, binding to the Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan and destroying the osmotic protection of the cell wall.
• [1.11] 
  - #Stearic acid, similar to #Palmitic acid, forms crystallite surfaces that display bactericidal activity against #Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
• [1.12] [#Atopic Dermatitis] 
• [1.13] [#Bacillus subtilis] 
  - several microbiota species produce #Dopamine including #Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus
• [1.14] [#Cutaneous T cell lymphomas] [#Bacteriophage] 
  - #Endolysin strongly inhibits proliferation of S. aureus isolated from CTCL skin and significantly decreases S. aureus bacterial cell counts in a dose-dependent manner. - #Endolysin inhibits the patient-derived S. aureus induction of Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and IFNγ-inducible chemokine CXCL10 in healthy skin. - #Endolysin strongly inhibits the effects of S. aureus on activation (reduced CD25 and STAT5 phosphorylation) and proliferation (reduced Ki67) of malignant T cells and cell lines in the presence of non-malignant T cells.
• - Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is suspected to fuel disease activity in cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL).
• [1.15] [#Atopic Dermatitis] 
  - Patients with AD exhibit decreased expression of #Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which is linked to increased colonization by Staphylococcus aureus.
• [#Atopic Dermatitis] [#Ceramides] - The lesional skin of AD patients shows higher prevalence of S.aureus (up to 70%) than nonlesional skin of the same patients (39%) - The enzyme ceramidase secreted by S. aureus lowers lipid and fatty acid levels and makes the skin permeable to allergens. - Lower fatty acid levels also lead to decreased formation of phospholipid hydrolysis products in sebum and sweat, which increase skin surface pH and further promote S. aureus growth. - Alpha toxin secreted by S. aureus is cytotoxic to keratinocytes and alters the integrity of E-cadherin, compromising barrier function
• [#Escherichia coli] - #RNAse7 showed higher inhibitory activity against E. Coli and #Cutibacterium acnes compared to S. aureus
• - #Cutibacterium acnes secretes a lipase that converts triacylglycerols contained in sebum to #Propionic acid, which contributes to the acidification of the skin surface; a factor that limits the growth of S. aureus
• [1.16] [#Natural Skin Microbiome] [#Staphylococcus epidermidis] 
  - tarIJLM (Staphylococcus aureus-type wall teichoic acid) alters the lifestyle of S. epidermidis from commensal to pathogenic
• [1.17] 
  - #Firmicutes, such as #Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani, #Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus, can produce proteinaceous toxins.
• [1.18] [#Lactobacillus acidophilus, #Lactobacillus rhamnosus] [#Probiotic] 
  - L. rhamnosus did not affect the growth of TSS S. aureus but did inhibit the production of #Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) TSST-1; this effect was partially due to acidification of the growth medium. - L. acidophilus was both bactericidal and prevented the production of TSST-1 by S. aureus. This effect appeared to be partially due to acidification of the growth medium, production of H2O2, and production of other antibacterial molecules. - When both organisms were incubated with S. aureus, the effect of L. acidophilus LA-14 dominated.
• [1.19] [#Enterococcus faecium] 
  - #Clovibactin efficiently kills drug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial pathogens without detectable resistance. - #Clovibactin exhibited antibacterial activity against a broad range of Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin- resistant S. aureus (MRSA), daptomycin-resistant and #Vancomycin intermediate resistant S. aureus (VISA) strains, and difficult to treat #Vancomycin resistant #Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium (#Vancomycin-resistant enterococci [VRE]).
• - application of #Propionic acid on mice led to a significant decrease in the size of skin lesions infected with S. aureus USA300 and have direct antimicrobial activity against this pathogen.
• [1.21] [#Skin wound] 
  - topical #Resveratrol treatment exhibited a significant antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, #Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and #Candida albicans, which are discussed as significant pathogens in the context of non-healing wounds. - Resveratrols’ antimicrobial effects seemed to be even superior than some commercial antimicrobial (Levomecol) and antifungal (Clotrimazole) ointments.
• [1.22] [#Antimicrobial peptides] 
  - #Staphylococcus epidermidis produces #Epidermin or the #Hominicin produced by #Staphylococcus hominis, with both AMPs being extremely effective against S. aureus
• [#Staphylococcus hominis] [#Short peptide bacteriocins] - SPB from S. hominis which was capable of inhibiting S. aureus quorum sensing and limited S. aureus-mediated epidermal proteolysis and inflammatory response

References Notes