Short Chain Fatty Acid ⇒ Valeric acid {90000293}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Parkinson’s Disease] [#Butyrate, #Indole-3-propionic acid, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - in PD Patient > Fecal SCFA levels of butyric acid, valeric acid and propionic acid are reduced, whereas plasma levels were higher. - in PD Patient > Low fecal concentration of most SCFAs > increased plasma propionic acid concentration > More severe motor impairment - in PD Patient > Low fecal levels of butyric acid and higher plasma concentrations of butyric acid and valeric acid > More serious cognitive symptoms.
• [1.2] [#Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), #Pregnancy] [#Branched-chain amino acids, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  In GDM: - Isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acids were significantly higher in the GDM. - #Isobutyric acid significantly correlated with urea and blood glucose at 1 and 2 hours after OGTT; fasting blood glucose, blood glucose at 2 hours after OGTT. - urea/creatinine ratio positively correlated with valeric acid. - blood glucose at 2 hours after OGTT positively correlated with #Caproic acid. - white blood cell count positively correlated with #Propionic acid. - Significantly elevated #Isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in pregnant women with GDM may be associated with insulin resistance caused by BCFAs.
• [#Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP), #Pregnancy] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] In the ICP - isobutyric acids levels were higher, while acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acids levels were significantly lower. - #Isobutyric acid and #Hexanoic acid showed significant correlations with each clinical indicator. - Hemoglobin, white blood cells count, albumin, gestational weeks at delivery, fetal birth weight, and BMI were positively correlated with #Hexanoic acid. - total BAs and ALT were negatively correlated with #Hexanoic acid - #Isobutyric acid showed the opposite trend with #Hexanoic acid. - Valeric acid positively correlated with hemoglobin and negatively correlated with total BA and ALT. - #Caproic acid and #Isobutyric acid might be potential biomarkers
• [#Preeclamsia, #Pregnancy] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] in PE: - #Acetic acid, #Propionic acid, #Isobutyric acid, and valeric acids levels were significantly higher in the PE group. - the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, urea/creatinine ratio, and total BA of pregnant women significantly positively correlated with #Acetic acid, #Propionic acid, #Isobutyric acid, and valeric acid. - urea positively correlated with #Acetic acid and #Isobutyric acid. - white blood cell count and gestational age negatively correlated with #Acetic acid, #Propionic acid, #Isobutyric acid, and valeric acid. - total cholesterol negatively correlated with #Propionic acid and #Isobutyric acid. - the percentage of neutrophils and fetal birth weight negatively correlated with #Isobutyric acid and valeric acid. - #Acetic acid and #Propionic acid have high diagnostic value for PE.
• [1.3] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - hemorrhagic transformation (HT), a life-threatening #Stroke complication in MCAO rats, correlated with inflammatory response and serum levels of SCFA. - total SCFA, specifically #Butyrate and valeric acid, was significantly lower in HT rats than in non-HT rats.
• [1.4] [#Tuberculosis] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - TB infection reduced the SCFA production in feces which included significantly low levels of #Butyric acid, #Isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and #2-metylbutic acid. However, the levels of #Propionic acid and #Acetic acid were non-significantly reduced and elevated, respectively, in the TB group compared with HC.
• [1.5] [#Propionic acid] 
  - The lower abundance of #Bifidobacterium is the key feature of the microbiota composition associated with severe #Autism. ASD patients presented significantly higher levels of propionic and valeric acids than General Population at 4–7 years, but these differences disappeared at 8–10 years. - #Bifidobacterium being reduced in children with severe ASD.
• [#Autism] [#Caproic acid, #Isobutyric acid, #Isovaleric acid, #Propionic acid, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] - higher levels of propionic and valeric acids as well as the sum of minor SCFA (isobutyric + isovaleric + valeric + caproic acids) were found in ASD at the age 4–7 years, but these differences disappeared at the age of 8–10 year
• [1.6] [#Osteoporosis, #Postmenopausal osteoporosis] [#Bacteroides vulgatus] 
  - several individual bacterial species (especially B. vulgatus) were significantly associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in ethnically distinct populations. - serum VA levels were positively associated with L1-L4 BMD; - B. vulgatus was negatively associated with serum VA levels and may causally suppress VA levels, presumably by inhibiting growth of VA-producing bacteria within the gut. - Serum valeric acid (VA), a microbiota derived metabolite, was positively associated with BMD and causally downregulated by B. vulgatus. - Ovariectomized mice fed B. vulgatus demonstrated increased bone resorption and poorer bone micro-structure, while those fed VA demonstrated reduced bone resorption and better bone micro-structure. - NO effect of B. vulgatus on the sham-operated groups of mice, which indicates that the B. vulgatus may have distinct effects in eugonadic mice and estrogen deficient mice.
• [1.7] 
  - Diethyl ether is suitable for extracting #Butyric acid and valeric acid,

References Notes