Phenol {90000238}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - #Tryptophan and #Phenylalanine > Microbiom Catabolism > increased phenol and #Indole derivatives > chronic exposure of cultured neurons to these metabolites impaired their firing rate and induced axonal damage, independent from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, thereby identifying a novel pathway of neurotoxicity.
• [1.2] [#Hepatocellular cancer] 
  - hepatocellular carcinoma patients had significantly decreased #Linoleic acid and phenol levels in serum and feces, two metabolites that significantly inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
• [1.3] [#Natural Skin Microbiome] 
  - High gut phenol levels are associated with reduced skin hydration and impaired keratinization. - phenols produced by gut bacteria also adversely affect keratinocyte differentiation.
• [#Para-cresol] - Free phenol and p-cresol, most notably produced by Clostridium dificile, are the metabolic products of aromatic amino acids and are the biomarkers of a disturbed gut.
• [1.4] [#High-protein diet] 
  - Excessive fermentation of undigested protein residues in the colon increases the amount of #Ammonia, biogenic amines, #Indole compounds, and phenols.
• [1.5] [#Staphylococcus epidermidis] 
  - The S. epidermidis agr regulon controls production of a small suite of potential virulence factors like proteases, lipases, and immunomodulatory phenol soluble modulins (PSMs), and retention of the agr system is necessary for skin colonization
• [1.6] [#Phenolic acids] 
  - There are > 100 different phenolic compounds in #Olive-derived products; the main phenolics are found in EVOO, including the simple phenols, #Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, and the secoiridoids, oleuropein, oleocanthal, and ligstroside, all of which possess potent antioxidant activity and prolong the shelf life of EVOO.
• [1.7] [#Para-cresol] 
  - Phenols, such as p-cresol, may be toxic for patients with underlying kidney diseases
• [1.8] 
  - in a mouse model known to display features of #Autism spectrum disorder,> concentration of 4-ethyl phenyl #Sulfate (chemically related to 4-methyl phenol) was 46-fold higher than in naive mice.
• [#Para-cresol] - 4-methyl phenol and p-cresol, have been shown to have genotoxic effects on human enterocytes, reducing the integrity and longevity of the intestinal epithelium.
• [1.9] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - #Aerugine (C10H11NO2S; 2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]phenol) [2-hydroxyphenyl-thiazoline] is a product of a wide-spread biosynthetic cluster also found in the human microbiome and in several pathogens. - #Aerugine triggered half-maximal dopaminergic neurotoxicity at 3–4 µM. - It was less toxic for other neurons (10–20 µM), and non-toxic (at <100 µM) for common human cell lines.
• [#Autism] [#Para-cresol] - phenol and p-cresol were higher in ASD patients
• [#Autism] - Phenol compounds were increased in the stool of children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and, especially, ASD.
• [1.11] 
  - #Cranberry (poly)phenols have an antimicrobial effect on #Bacteroides, allowing #Bifidobacterium to consume #Cranberry oligosaccharides and occupy its microbial niche
• [#Polyphenols] - oligosaccharides were more abundant than (poly)phenols in the purified #Cranberry extract
• [#Bifidobacteria] - a bifidogenic effect was observed following the consumption of #Cranberry juice (providing 161 mg of (poly)phenols and an unreported amount of oligosaccharides) for 15 days in 10 #Postmenopausal women

References Notes