Breast cancer ⇒ Cancer {40000376}

Shared Notes

• [1.8] 
  - Cadaverine as a biogenic amine is formed through the direct decarboxylation of L-lysine.
  - It is reported that cadaverine biosynthesis is reduced in the gut in early-stage BC, resulting in lower production of an anti-cancer bacterial metabolite and reduced BC invasion
• - Lithocholic acid can inhibit BC progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and other proteins involved in the antioxidant defense system.
• - Propionate, acetate, and butyrate are the three most predominant SCFAs and are well-known modulators for cell invasion and apoptosis in BC
• - The abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, as a key player of propionate production, is associated with the richness of the gut microbiota in patients with BC
• - Intestinal bacteria can turn some plant lignans such as flaxseed, sunflower, caraway, pumpkin, legumes, and soybean, into mammalian lignans with protective effects against BC.
  - High consumption of raw vegetables showed a significant protective effect against BC risk.
• - Enterolactone may act as a selective modulator of estrogen signaling and may be associated with lowering the risk of BC.
• - Overuse of antibiotics might reduce the plasma level of lignan enterolactone; therefore, it might directly affect the microbiome populations and increase the BC risk
• - Estrobolome, the bacterial gene mass in the human intestine, the products of which take part in estrogens metabolism, may increase the risk of estrogen receptor-positive BC in postmenopausal females.
  - Changes in gut microbiome composition may lead to the estrogen metabolism alternation and affect the BC risk.
• - The proportions of Blautia and F. Prausnitzii and absolute numbers of Blautia and Bifidobacterium species in the gut microbiome are directly correlated with the clinical stage of BC.
  - For instance, patients with stage 1 BC had a lower number of gut Blautia sp. in comparison with the ones with stage grade 3
• [1.9] 
  - Antibiotic-induced perturbation of the gut microbiota > increases tumor progression in multiple BrCa mouse models > increased number of cells with a stromal signature in tumors > increased abundance of mast cells in the tumor stromal regions.
  - Re-supplementation of antibiotic-treated mice with Faecalibaculum rodentium > restored tumor growth to control levels
  - Mast cell stabilizer, cromolyn > decreases tumor growth only in antibiotic treated animals